The last third of A Handful of Dust features a shocking twist, pivoting from London society to the furthest reaches of the known world in the Brazilian jungle. This unexpected move allows Waugh to sharpen his incisive critique of the “civilization” of his day. Waugh counterpoints Tony’s struggles in the Amazon with scenes of Brenda in London to highlight the barbarism of “civilized” life. Brenda stays in bed living off delivered sandwiches, while John Beaver abandons her now that her money and social clout have dissipated—the brute survival behavior of animals. Jock tells Brenda, who wonders about Tony’s safety in the jungle, that “[t]he whole world is civilized now, isn’t it—charabancs and Cook’s offices everywhere.” Waugh implicitly contrasts this superficial view of civilization-as-convenience with the deeper complex of morals and values that the term once embodied, and which his modern Londoners have so forsaken. Jock is of course wrong about the jungle: for Tony, the metaphorical vipers in the grass have become literal. In essence, however, the two places are the same.
Tony’s disappointment both in England and places abroad are guaranteed by the incoherence of his ideals. Modern English society has failed to conform to the Arthurian fantasy life he imagined at Hetton, so he turns his back on it to go questing after a mythical Amazonian city. Yet in his visions, this City is “Gothic in character, […] a transfigured Hetton, pennons and banners floating on the sweet breeze.” Tony remains bound to his specific fantasy of civilization, yet this was essentially false to begin with: Hetton is not a medieval artifact but a tasteless neo-Gothic pastiche—and Tony is no chivalrous knight. He knows nothing of the values of faith and sacrifice embodied in the chivalric code, clinging rather to the coziness of their cheap imitation. When Brenda’s betrayal makes him recognize the disjunction between his Hetton fantasy’s civilized veneer and modern English reality, he strikes out in search of the real article. In doing so, he loses even the veneer. In other words, the novel’s juxtaposition of so-called “civilization” with its supposed opposite suggests that, in the modern world, civilization has become indistinguishable from barbarism.
Civilization vs. Barbarism ThemeTracker

Civilization vs. Barbarism Quotes in A Handful of Dust
When service was over he stood for a few minutes at the porch chatting affably with the vicar's sister and the people from the village. Then he returned home by a path across the fields which led to a side door in the walled garden; he visited the hothouses and picked himself a buttonhole, stopped by the gardeners' cottages for a few words (the smell of Sunday dinners rising warm and overpowering from the little doorways) and then, rather solemnly, drank a glass of sherry in the library. That was the simple, mildly ceremonious order of his Sunday morning, which had evolved, more or less spontaneously, from the more severe practices of his parents; he adhered to it with great satisfaction. Brenda teased him whenever she caught him posing as an upright, God-fearing gentleman of the old school and Tony saw the joke, but this did not at all diminish the pleasure he derived from his weekly routine, or his annoyance when the presence of guests suspended it.
[Rev. Tendril’s] sermons had been composed in his more active days for delivery at the garrison chapel; he had done nothing to adapt them to the changed conditions of his ministry and they mostly concluded with some reference to homes and dear ones far away. The villagers did not find this in any way surprising. Few of the things said in church seemed to have any particular reference to themselves. They enjoyed their vicar's sermons very much and they knew that when he began about their distant homes, it was time to be dusting their knees and feeling for their umbrellas.
But with the exception of her sister's, opinion was greatly in favour of Brenda's adventure. The morning telephone buzzed with news of her; even people with whom she had the barest acquaintance were delighted to relate that they had seen her and Beaver the evening before at a restaurant or cinema. It had been an autumn of very sparse and meagre romance; only the most obvious people had parted or come together, and Brenda was filling a want long felt by those whose simple, vicarious pleasure it was to discuss the subject in bed over the telephone […] The choice of Beaver raised the whole escapade into a realm of poetry for Polly and Daisy and Angela and all the gang of gossips.
“How difficult it is for us,” he began, blandly surveying his congregation, who coughed into their mufflers and chafed their chilblains under their woolen gloves, “to realize that this is indeed Christmas. Instead of the glowing log fire and windows tight shuttered against the drifting snow, we have only the harsh glare of an alien sun; instead of the happy circle of loved faces, of home and family, we have the uncomprehending stares of the subjugated, though no doubt grateful, heathen. Instead of the placid ox and ass of Bethlehem,” said the vicar, slightly losing the thread of his comparisons, “we have for companions the ravening tiger and the exotic camel, the furtive jackal and the ponderous elephant...” And so on, through the pages of faded manuscript.
“How’s the old boy taking it?”
“Not so well. It makes me feel rather a beast,” said Brenda.
[Tony] reminded himself that phantasmagoric, and even gruesome as the situation might seem to him, he was nevertheless a host, so that he knocked at the communicating door and passed with a calm manner into his guest's room; for a month now he had lived in a world suddenly bereft of order; it was as though the whole reasonable and decent constitution of things, the sum of all he had experienced or learned to expect, were an inconspicuous, inconsiderable object mislaid somewhere on the dressing table; no outrageous circumstance in which he found himself, no new, mad thing brought to his notice, could add a jot to the all-encompassing chaos that shrieked about his ears.
He hung up the receiver and went back to the smoking-room. His mind had suddenly become clearer on many points that had puzzled him. A whole Gothic world had come to grief... there was now no armour glittering through the forest glades, no embroidered feet on the green sward; the cream and dappled unicorns had fled...
For some days now Tony had been thoughtless about the events of the immediate past. His mind was occupied with the City, the Shining, the Many Watered, the Bright Feathered, the Aromatic Jam. He had a clear picture of it in his mind. It was Gothic in character, all vanes and pinnacles, gargoyles, battlements, groining and tracery, pavilions and terraces, a transfigured Hetton, pennons and banners floating on the sweet breeze, everything luminous and translucent; a coral citadel crowning a green hill-top sown with daisies, among groves and streams; a tapestry landscape filled with heraldic and fabulous animals and symmetrical, disproportionate blossom.
“Is it absolutely safe?”
“Oh, I imagine so. The whole world is civilized now, isn’t it—charabancs and Cook’s offices everywhere.”
“From now onwards the map is useless to us,” said Dr. Messinger with relish.
For weeks past she had attempted to keep a fair mind towards Tony and his treatment of her; now at last she broke down and turning over buried her face in her pillow, in an agony of resentment and self-pity.
“I will tell you what I have learned in the forest, where time is different. There is no City. Mrs. Beaver has covered it with chromium plating and converted it into flats.”
“Do you believe in God?”
“I suppose so. I’ve never really thought about it much.”