Being able to have this individual meeting also allows Jay and Dr. Cook the opportunity to see each other as fellow humans who share a history of addiction. Dr. Cook's willingness to congratulate Jay on this accomplishment shows that he certainly has the potential and the willingness to humanize people he comes in contact with, especially when he can find something in common with them. In a broader sense, this, the novel suggests, is one of the most effective ways to combat racism on an individual level.