House Made of Dawn

by N. Scott Momaday
Abel is the protagonist of the story, but he remains an enigma for most of the narrative. The reader gets only sparse glimpses into his background and motivations, mirroring the confusion and lack of understanding that the characters around Abel feel about him. After the loss of his mother, Abel was raised by his grandfather Francisco, who tried to instill in Abel a connection to the land. However, Abel enlists to serve in World War II against Francisco’s wishes, which means he must leave the Jemez pueblo—a move that begins Abel’s slow process of growing up. Away from the Jemez pueblo, Abel experiences racism and violence, and he becomes dependent on alcohol. He murders an albino man, which results in a yearslong imprisonment, and he then is relocated to Los Angeles. Abel’s mental health remains poor while living in the city, and he never truly adjusts to life away from the reservation. After a violent policeman, Martinez, beats Abel so badly that Abel is hospitalized, Abel returns to Walatowa to care for Francisco, who’s dying. After Francisco’s death, Abel carefully performs the burial rites. He then runs across the desert, racing at dawn like Francisco did in his youth, and he finally feels at one with the land of his ancestors. This signifies that Abel has matured and come into his own as a Native American man.

Abel Quotes in House Made of Dawn

The House Made of Dawn quotes below are all either spoken by Abel or refer to Abel. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Home, Belonging, and Identity Theme Icon
).

Prologue Quotes

Dypaloh. There was a house made of dawn. It was made of pollen and of rain, and the land was very old and everlasting. There were many colors on the hills, and the plain was bright with different-colored clays and sands. Red and blue and spotted horses grazed in the plain, and there was a dark wilderness on the mountains beyond. The land was still and strong. It was beautiful all around.

Abel was running.

Related Characters: Abel
Related Symbols: Running and Races
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 1
Explanation and Analysis:

2. The Longhair, July 21 Quotes

[Abel’s] father was a Navajo, they said, or a Sia, or an Isleta, an outsider anyway, which made him and his mother and Vidal somehow foreign and strange. Francisco was the man of the family, but even […] the boy could sense his grandfather’s age, just as he knew that his mother was going to die of her illness. It was nothing he was told, but he knew it anyway and without understanding, as he knew already the motion of the sun and the seasons.

Related Characters: Vidal , Francisco, Abel
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 11
Explanation and Analysis:

Then, through the falling leaves, he saw the machine. It rose up behind the hill, black and massive, looming there in front of the sun. He saw it swell, deepen, and take shape on the skyline, as if it were some upheaval of the earth […]. For a moment it seemed apart from the land; its great iron hull lay out against the timber and the sky, and the center of its weight hung away from the ridge. Then it came crashing down […].

Related Characters: Abel
Page Number and Citation: 22
Explanation and Analysis:

He made his way along the incline at the edge of the cultivated fields to the long row of foothills at the base of the red mesa. When the first breeze of the evening rose up in the shadow that fell across the hills, he sat down and looked out over the green and yellow blocks of farmland. He could see his grandfather, others, working below in the sunlit fields. The breeze was very faint, and it bore the scent of earth and grain; and for a moment everything was all right with him. He was at home.

Related Characters: Francisco, Abel
Page Number and Citation: 27
Explanation and Analysis:

3. The Longhair, July 24 Quotes

She could think of nothing more vile and obscene than the raw flesh and blood of her body, the raveled veins and the gore upon her bones. And now the monstrous fetal form, the blue, blind, great-headed thing growing within her and feeding upon her. […] And at odd moments she wished with all her heart to die by fire, fire of such intense heat that her body should dissolve in it all at once. There must be no popping of fat or any burning on of the bones. Above all she must give off no stench of death.

Related Characters: Abel, Angela St. John
Page Number and Citation: 31
Explanation and Analysis:

4. The Longhair, July 25 Quotes

[…] there was no longer a white house of stucco and stone, looming out against the leaves of the orchard, but a black organic mass the night had heaved up, even as long ago the canyon had been wrenched out of time […]. It was no longer the chance place of her visitation, but now the dominion of her next day and the day after, as far ahead as she cared to see. […] In fact it was secret like herself, the Benevides house.

Related Characters: Angela St. John, Abel
Page Number and Citation: 48-49
Explanation and Analysis:

6. The Longhair, August 1 Quotes

And then they were ready, the two of them. They went out into the darkness and the rain. […] When they were midway between the river and the road, they stopped. […] All around was silence, save for the sound of the rain and the moan of the wind in the wires. Abel waited. The white man raised his arms, as if to embrace him, and came forward. But Abel had already taken hold of the knife, and he drew it. He leaned inside the white man’s arms and drove the blade up under the bones of the breast and across. […] [The white man] closed his hands upon Abel and drew him close.

Related Characters: Abel, Juan Reyes Fragua/The Albino Man
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 73
Explanation and Analysis:

8. The Priest of the Sun, January 26 Quotes

When he had told his story once, simply, Abel refused to speak. […] That was good, for he should not have known what more to say. Word by word by word these men were disposing of him in language, their language, and they were making a bad job of it.

Related Characters: Father Olguin, Abel, Juan Reyes Fragua/The Albino Man, Reverend John Big Buff Tosamah
Page Number and Citation: 90
Explanation and Analysis:

“No test is completely valid,” she said. “Some are more valid than others.”

But Milly believed in tests, questions and answers, words on paper. She was a lot like Ben. She believed in Honor, Industry, the Second Chance, the Brotherhood of Man, the American Dream, and him––Abel; she believed in him. After a while he began to suspect as much […].

Related Characters: Milly (speaker), Abel, Ben Benally
Page Number and Citation: 94
Explanation and Analysis:

She had been in Los Angeles four years, and in all that time she had not talked to anyone. There were people all around; she knew them, worked with them––sometimes they would not leave her alone––but she did not talk to them, tell them anything that mattered in the least. […]

And then one day he was there by her door, waiting for her. It was a hot, humid afternoon and the streets were full of people when she walked home. And he was waiting for her. […] He was saying something, trying to tell her why he had come, and suddenly she realized how lonely they both were, how unspeakably lonely.

Related Characters: Abel, Milly
Page Number and Citation: 107
Explanation and Analysis:

10. The Night Chanter, February 20 Quotes

We went up there on the hill, him and me, with Tosamah and Cruz. There were a lot of Indians up there, and we really got going after a while. […] Somebody built a fire, and we heated the drums until they were good and you could really hear them. Mercedes Tenorio had some turtle shells and she started doing a stomp dance.

You can forget about everything up there. […] We could see one whole side of the city, all the way to the water, but we couldn’t hear anything down there. All we could hear was the drums and the singing.

Related Characters: Ben Benally (speaker), Reverend John Big Buff Tosamah, Abel, Cruz
Page Number and Citation: 127-128
Explanation and Analysis:

He was a longhair, like Tosamah said. You know, you have to change. That’s the only way you can live in a place like this. You have to forget about the way it was, how you grew up and all. Sometimes it’s hard, but you have to do it. Well, he didn’t want to change, I guess, or he didn’t know how. […] He was going to get us all in trouble, Tosamah said. Tosamah sizes him up right away and warned me about him. But, you know, Tosamah doesn’t understand either. He talks pretty big all the time, and he’s educated, but he doesn’t understand.

Related Characters: Ben Benally (speaker), Abel, Reverend John Big Buff Tosamah
Page Number and Citation: 131
Explanation and Analysis:

“They gave him every advantage. […] But was he grateful? Hell, no, man, he was too dumb to be civilized. So what happened? They let him alone at last. They thought he was harmless. […] But it didn’t turn out that way. He turned out to be a real primitive sonuvabitch, and the first time he got hold of a knife he killed a man. That must have embarrassed the hell out of them.

“[…] They put that cat away, man. They had to. It’s part of the Jesus scheme. They, man. They put all of us renegades, us diehards, away sooner or later.”

Related Characters: Reverend John Big Buff Tosamah (speaker), Ben Benally, Abel
Page Number and Citation: 131-132
Explanation and Analysis:

[Tosamah] doesn’t know how it is when you grow up out there someplace. […] You grow up in the night, and there are a lot of funny things going on, things you don’t know how to talk about. A baby dies, or a good horse. You get sick, or the corn dries up for no good reason. Then you remember something that happened the week before, something that wasn’t right. You heard an owl, maybe, or you saw a funny kind of whirlwind […]. And then you know. You just know. Maybe your aunt or your grandmother was a witch. Maybe you knew she was […]. You just know, and you can’t help being scared.

Related Characters: Ben Benally (speaker), Abel, Reverend John Big Buff Tosamah
Page Number and Citation: 131-132
Explanation and Analysis:

He was going home, and I wanted to pray. Look out for me, I said; look out each day and listen for me. And we were going together on horses to the hills. We were going to ride out in the first light to the hills. We were going to see how it was, and always was, how the sun came up with a little wind and the light ran out on the land. We were going to get drunk, I said. We were going to be all alone, and we were going to get drunk and sing. We were going to sing about the way it always was. And it was going to be right and beautiful. It was going to be the last time. And he was going home.

Related Characters: Ben Benally (speaker), Abel
Page Number and Citation: 166
Explanation and Analysis:

11. The Dawn Runner, February 27 Quotes

[Abel’s] own sickness had settled into despair. […] His eyes burned and his body throbbed and he could not think what to do. The room enclosed him, as it always had, as if the small interior, in which this voice and other voices rose and remained forever at the walls, were all of infinity that he had ever known. It was the room in which he was born, in which his mother and brother died.

Related Characters: Francisco, Abel, Vidal
Page Number and Citation: 171
Explanation and Analysis:

They must learn the whole contour of the black mesa. They must know it as they knew the shape of their hands, always and by heart. […] They must know the long journey of the sun on the black mesa, how it rode in the seasons and the years, and they must live according to the sun appearing, for only then could they reckon where they were, where all things were, in time. […]

These things he told to his grandsons carefully, slowly and at length, because they were old and true, and they could be lost forever as easily as one generation is lost to the next, as easily as one old man might lose his voice, having spoken not enough or not at all.

Related Characters: Abel, Vidal , Francisco
Page Number and Citation: 171
Explanation and Analysis:

He had begun at the wrong pace, another and better man’s pace, had seen the man come almost at once to the top of his strength, hitting his stride without effort […]. And like a fool he had taken up the bait, whole and at once, had allowed himself to be run into the ground. In the next instant his lungs should burst, for now they were burning with pain and the pain had crowded out the last and least element of his breath, and he should stumble and fall. But the moment passed […] and the next and the next, and he was running still, and still he could see the dark shape of the man running away […] like a motionless shadow. And he held onto the shadow and ran beyond his pain.

Related Characters: Abel, Francisco
Related Symbols: Running and Races
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 182
Explanation and Analysis:

12. The Dawn Runner, February 28 Quotes

He was running, and his body cracked open with pain, and he was running on. He was running and there was no reason to run but the running itself and the land and the dawn appearing. […] He saw the slim black bodies of the runners in the distance, gliding away without sound through the slanting light and the rain. […] His legs buckled and he fell in the snow. The rain fell around him in the snow and he saw his broken hands […]. And he got up and ran on. He was alone and running on. […] Pure exhaustion laid hold of his mind, and he could see at last without having to think. He could see the canyon and the mountains and the sky.

Related Characters: Francisco, Abel
Related Symbols: Running and Races
Related Literary Devices:
Page Number and Citation: 185
Explanation and Analysis:
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Abel Character Timeline in House Made of Dawn

The timeline below shows where the character Abel appears in House Made of Dawn. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Prologue
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...“once upon a time”––a word that begins a story. In an ancient and beautiful landscape, Abel runs along an empty road at dawn. His upper body is bare, and his skin... (full context)
1. The Longhair, July 20
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...the wagon and horses to make sure “everything [is] in order.” The bus arrives, and Abel, Francisco’s grandson, stumbles out. Abel is drunk. He falls against Francisco, hurting the old man’s... (full context)
2. The Longhair, July 21
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Abel sleeps through a whole day and night in Francisco’s house. The following dawn, he goes... (full context)
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...sit on the ground in groups divided by family and clan. They eat food that Abel and Vidal’s mother brings. Abel does not know who his father is, but other townspeople... (full context)
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Abel’s family is led by Francisco, but Abel can sense that Francisco is growing old just... (full context)
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In another childhood incident, Abel is cursed by an outsider woman whom the townspeople consider a witch. Afterwards, he hears... (full context)
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On January 1, 1937, Francisco wakes the 17-year-old Abel before dawn and they travel to Sia, a neighboring Pueblo nation. A local man gives... (full context)
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...decimated by persecution and plague. One day, after helping break a horse for a rancher, Abel is walking home. He sees a pair of golden eagles flying together. The female eagle... (full context)
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Abel describes what he saw to the chief of the Eagle Watchers Society, who then allows... (full context)
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Time moves forward further as Abel prepares to leave Walatowa. Francisco is distraught at his grandson’s decision, and he doesn’t see... (full context)
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Abel remembers the time leading up to his departure, but he doesn’t recall much of his... (full context)
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Back in 1945, Abel takes in the silence of Walatowa at dawn. The sunrise appears to light the sky... (full context)
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Abel returns to his grandfather’s house, but Francisco is not there. The men have yet to... (full context)
3. The Longhair, July 24
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Abel takes the job cutting wood for Angela St. John. When he comes to her house,... (full context)
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...she speaks to a child in her womb and searches the wind for bad omens. Abel comes inside to discuss the wood he’s cut, and he is amiable despite his reserved... (full context)
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Abel leaves, and Angela reflects on her own body. She cannot see it as beautiful, perceiving... (full context)
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...its colors, seeing instead “nothing in the absolute.” She envies this ability, and she believes Abel shares this perception of nothingness when he chops wood. However, he fails to see all... (full context)
4. The Longhair, July 25
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...ceremony begin. Several men and boys ride into the Middle on horseback, and Angela recognizes Abel among them. Another rider is a large albino man in dark glasses. The men compete... (full context)
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...rooster, the other men wait for the winner to choose one of them. He chooses Abel, trapping Abel’s horse against the wall and beating Abel bloody with the body of the... (full context)
5. The Longhair, July 28
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Abel walks through the canyon above the plain. He considers his return home a failure. He... (full context)
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Abel approaches the Benevides house. Inside, Angela waits for him. She hears him arrive and start... (full context)
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Angela asks Abel if he finds her beautiful. When he says no, she asks if he would like... (full context)
6. The Longhair, August 1
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...for a handful of young Navajo men who remain at a bar. At the bar, Abel and the albino man conduct a whispered conversation. Throughout the discussion, Abel smiles, and every... (full context)
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The albino man pulls Abel close to him, holding him tight even as Abel tries to move away. Abel pulls... (full context)
7. The Longhair, August 2
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...can imagine the dancers; this is his first time missing their performance. He fondly says Abel’s name to himself, knowing that he is alone again. (full context)
8. The Priest of the Sun, January 26
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The scene transitions suddenly to Abel, who thinks about fish and the sea even though they are not of his world.... (full context)
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The scene shifts again as Abel, cold and in pain, wakes up hungover in an industrial area by the sea. He... (full context)
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At the trial, Father Olguin argues that Abel was not in his right mind when he committed the murder. Father Olguin has little... (full context)
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The narration moves back to Abel waking up, and it follows his confused, disjointed thoughts as he takes in his surroundings.... (full context)
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Abel’s fragmented psyche continues to recall his past, revealing that the questions were posed by Milly,... (full context)
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Abel lies helpless and in agony on the ground. He remembers how the childless Fat Josie... (full context)
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Abel’s thoughts become fractured again. He remembers a white soldier describing Abel whooping and dancing around... (full context)
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Abel remembers that his relationship with Milly became meaningful when they realized how lonely they both... (full context)
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Abel recognizes that he will die of exposure if he remains on the ground, so he... (full context)
10. The Night Chanter, February 20
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...first person by Ben Benally. He describes saying goodbye to a man (implied to be Abel) on a rainy train platform. Abel’s hands are bandaged, and he is still recovering from... (full context)
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Ben gets home and sees that he and Abel left a window open after trying to persuade a pigeon to fly into the apartment.... (full context)
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Ben’s thoughts turn to the previous night. In his memory, he, Abel, Tosamah, and Tosamah’s disciple Cruz go to a social event on a hill outside the... (full context)
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Abel takes Ben aside, and they discuss their plans to return to their respective reservations and... (full context)
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Ben believes that Abel is unlucky and could never fit in in Los Angeles. He notes that Tosamah has... (full context)
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Ben recalls meeting Abel at work, where they are stationed opposite each other at a factory assembly line. Ben... (full context)
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Ben reflects on Abel’s difficulty getting used to life in Los Angeles. Abel’s troubles worsen as government workers repeatedly... (full context)
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Abel’s life begins a downward spiral. Fed up with Tosamah’s comments about “longhairs,” Abel attacks the... (full context)
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Ben knows that Milly likes Abel more than him, and he worries that Abel will hurt the overly-trusting Milly. He knows... (full context)
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Ben’s memory shifts to a night when he and Abel are returning from their usual bar. Martinez, the police officer, holds Ben and Abel up... (full context)
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Ben remembers taking Abel with him to Westwood on a delivery for the factory. While Ben unloads the truck,... (full context)
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...she stood on the stairs, hugging her pet and talking about it to Ben and Abel. She wouldn’t let the men take the guinea pig out into the alley, and Ben... (full context)
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Ben thinks about how his relationship with Abel degraded as Abel grew more withdrawn and more dependent on alcohol. He remembers Abel growing... (full context)
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At the hospital, a nurse asks Ben for information about Abel. Ben doesn’t know how to answer her questions, and he waits all day to be... (full context)
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Ben thinks again of the party he and Abel attended the previous night. Abel’s return home makes him want to pray. In his memory,... (full context)
11. The Dawn Runner, February 27
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The story picks up in Walatowa a week after Abel left Los Angeles. The valley is gray and cold, and the river is partly frozen... (full context)
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Since returning home, Abel has spent every day at the dying Francisco’s bedside. On his first two days back... (full context)
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...of the chapter relays what Francisco has said in italicized, stream-of-consciousness narration. He recalls bringing Abel and Vidal to the old cemetery by the Middle and teaches them how to measure... (full context)
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In the fourth memory, Francisco brings Vidal and Abel to a rise in the plain at dawn, where they listen to the sound of... (full context)
12. The Dawn Runner, February 28
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Abel wakes suddenly to a silent room and knows at once that Francisco is dead. He... (full context)
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Before dawn, Abel travels to Father Olguin’s rectory and informs him, seemingly without emotion, that Francisco is dead.... (full context)
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Instead of returning to Francisco’s house, Abel walks to the edge of town, removes his shirt, and rubs his arm and chest... (full context)