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Part 1, Chapter 4
Themes
Key
LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Thinking, Fast and Slow, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Intuition, Deliberation, and Laziness
Human Fallibility and Overconfidence
Stories and Subjectivity vs. Statistics and Objectivity
Choices, Losses, and Gains
Summary
Analysis
Kahneman describes how, when we are conscious, multiple computations are happening in our brains: to monitor that things are going well, that there are no threats, and that our attention should not be redirected. We are constantly evaluating whether we are experiencing cognitive ease (a sign that things are going well) or cognitive strain (in which we have to mobilize System 2). This means that a sentence that is printed in a clear font or color, or has been repeated, is processed with ease.
Cognitive ease forms the bedrock of how we fall into patterns that enable us to be lazy. When we inherently prefer things that provide us with a sense of cognitive ease, we start to form positive associations with those things even though something that is easily processed may not necessarily be right or good, leading to mistakes.
Themes
Kahneman next writes about illusions of memory. He writes down a few names: David Stenbill, Monica Bigoutski, Shana Tirana. After a few days, if we are shown a long list of names that includes these three, we will be likely to identify them as celebrities rather than an unknown person. This happens because we know someone is a minor celebrity based on our ability to recall having seen the name before, and this creates an illusion of memory.
The “minor celebrity” experiment serves as a first example of how incorrect assumptions are made based on cognitive ease. Things that we have seen before breeds familiarity, and Kahneman goes on to argue throughout the chapter that we are inherently drawn to familiarity.
Themes
We often make judgments based on whether information is cognitively easy to retrieve. Kahneman describes how he retook a driving test after moving to a new state. Some answers knew because he had driven for many years, but for some questions, for which there seemed to be no good answer, he simply relied on cognitive ease.
There is some sense to relying on cognitive ease, particularly if we know that we have seen the correct answer to a question before. In situations with a time crunch, intuition can be useful to come up with quick answers. But without it, checking answers using System 2 processing can be far more accurate.
Themes
Messages are easier to believe if they are clearer—even font contrast, letter size, and paper quality make a difference. Kahneman advises not to use complex language when simpler language suffices, and that adages with rhymes are more likely to be taken as truth. All of these factors aid in cognitive ease.
Not only are all of these things processed more easily, but they are also then easier to retrieve. Thus cognitive ease has as much to do with our ability to remember the information as it has to do with processing that information.
Themes
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Kahneman proves how cognitive ease can distort our processing. In a study, participants are given three questions (including the bat-and-ball problem) in which the intuitive answers are wrong. Half of the students saw the puzzles in a normal font, and 90% of this group made at least one mistake. The other half saw the puzzles in a less legible font, and only 35% of them made a mistake. Cognitive strain mobilizes System 2 and is more likely to reject the intuitive answer.
As Kahneman implied earlier in the chapter, cognitive ease can be deceptive as it allows us to sometimes process information too quickly. Without an easy ability to read the puzzle, we work harder both to read the words and to understand them. This deeper understanding then allows us to overcome our intuitive but incorrect responses and combat our brains’ laziness.
Themes
In other examples, participants in an experiment were shown pictures of objects, and smiled and relaxed more when the images were easier to see. Easily pronounced words evoke favorable attitudes; companies with pronounceable names do better than those without. Familiarity also breeds affection: participants in a study run by Robert Zajonc were shown words in a foreign language that they did not understand. They associated the words that were shown more frequently with good meanings.
These examples again give us insight into how to optimize brain power and how to use some facts about automatic processing to our advantage (one could imagine that these examples would be very helpful to a marketing company). Yet at the same time, it highlights some of our biased tendencies, so that we might see that the affection we possess for familiar things is merely a result of how we process those things.
Themes
Zajonc argued that the “exposure effect” has a long evolutionary history: that organisms react cautiously to new stimuli because they could represent danger, whereas familiar things are thought of favorably once we have learned that they do not cause anything bad to happen.
While the bias towards familiar things once aided the survival instinct, now it has become so ingrained in our psyches that it has given us a propensity even for familiar words and ideas, not just physically present objects and people.
Themes
Cognitive ease is something we sense long before we are conscious of it. If people are shown three words (like dive, light, and rocket), they are often able to recognize that they share a word that connects them, even if they cannot immediately think of that word (which is sky).
The associated words experiment again reinforces cognitive ease as a subconscious concept. Even though we may not be wholly aware of the concept, we understand that there are ideas, words, feelings, objects, etc. that are more easily retrieved.
Themes
Putting participants in this experiment in a good mood doubles their accuracy of recognizing if the words are linked. When in a good mood, people become more intuitive and more creative but also less vigilant and more prone to errors. This also makes biological sense: a good mood is a signal that the environment is safe and that it is all right to let one’s guard down.
This concept functions in the same way that smiling makes things funnier: System 1 associates good moods with safety and cognitive ease, and so we generally expend less mental effort when we are in a good mood.
Themes
Returning to the experiment with the connected words, if participants are told that their emotions are being influenced by good music, they do not have the same accuracy in connecting the words because they do not associate their emotional response with their determination of coherent or incoherent words. This demonstrates that the brief emotional response that follows the presentation of words (pleasant if they are coherent, unpleasant otherwise) is actually the basis of the judgment of coherence.
This experiment not only demonstrates the existence of cognitive ease, but also how we rely on cognitive ease in order to make judgments about whether things make sense together or relate. The cognitive ease that System 1 produces, then, is the direct source of our view of the world as coherent.
Themes
