The commander of the army of Carthage, an enemy of Rome. Hannibal invaded the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.), marching into Italy through the Iberian Peninsula and the Alps. Although Hannibal failed to conquer Rome and suffered defeat in Africa, Machiavelli praises Hannibal for the "virtue" of "cruelty," which he used to maintain control of his army.