Silence

by Shūsaku Endō

Sebastien Rodrigues Character Analysis

Father Rodrigues is the protagonist of the story. He is a Portuguese Catholic missionary who travels to Japan to be a priest for the Japanese Christians and discover the truth about his former mentor, Father Ferreira, who is rumored to have apostatized and renounced his faith. When Rodrigues travels to Japan with Kichijiro and Father Garrpe, he is bold and passionate about his faith in Jesus Christ, often reflecting on Christ’s face which he finds as beautiful as one finds their beloved. However, the suffering of the Japanese Christians and the fierce persecution they face challenges his faith in God, especially as he sees many faithful Christians ingloriously killed and is confused by God’s silence in the face of their suffering. Although Rodrigues once pictured suffering for Christ and martyrdom as the most glorious end to one’s life (revealing how his devotion to God is mixed with his desire for personal glory), his experience fleeing the Japanese officials, being betrayed by Kichijiro, and being imprisoned destroys that illusion. As Rodrigues wrestles with God’s silence and struggles to counter the magistrate Inoue’s arguments about Christianity’s compatibility with and benefit for Japan, his faith wavers. After meeting Ferreira, who is a true apostate and believes that Christianity can never take root in Japan, and realizing that the Japanese Christians will be tortured until he apostatizes, Rodrigues ultimately chooses to step on Christ’s image, feeling that Christ affirms his choice and suffers alongside him in his pain. Although Rodrigues becomes an agent of the Japanese government helping them to combat Christianity, and although he is expelled from the Church, he maintains a private devotion to Christ and faith in God. This suggests that although Rodrigues has betrayed the institution of Christianity, he has not ultimately betrayed Christ himself.

Sebastien Rodrigues Quotes in Silence

The Silence quotes below are all either spoken by Sebastien Rodrigues or refer to Sebastien Rodrigues. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
Apostasy Theme Icon
).

Prologue Quotes

Their plan was to make their way into Japan in the throes of persecution in order to carry on an underground missionary apostolate and to atone for the apostasy of Ferreira which had so wounded the honor of the Church.

Related Characters: Christovao Ferreira / Sawano Chuan, Juan de Santa Marta, Francisco Garrpe, Sebastien Rodrigues
Page Number: 5
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 1 Quotes

“In that stricken land the Christians have lost their priests and are like a flock of sheep without a shepherd. Someone must go to give them courage and to ensure that the tiny flame of faith does not die out.”

Related Characters: Juan de Santa Marta (speaker), Sebastien Rodrigues, Francisco Garrpe
Page Number: 12
Explanation and Analysis:

Every day we keep praying that [Santa Marta’s] health may be restored as soon as possible. But he makes no progress. Yet God bestows upon man a better fate than human knowledge could possibly think of or devise […] Perhaps God in his omnipotence will make all things well.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker), Juan de Santa Marta, Francisco Garrpe
Page Number: 18
Explanation and Analysis:

You know well that the early Christians thought of Christ as a shepherd […] And then in the Eastern Church one finds the long nose, the curly hair, the black bear. All this was creating an oriental Christ. As for the medieval artists, many of them painted a face of Christ resplendent with the authority of a king.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker)
Related Symbols: Christ’s Face
Page Number: 21
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 3 Quotes

Never have I felt so deeply how meaningful is the life of a priest. These Japanese Christians are like a ship lost in a storm without a chart. I see them without a single priest or brother to encourage and console, gradually losing hope and wandering bewildered in the darkness.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker), Francisco Garrpe
Page Number: 30
Explanation and Analysis:

These people who work and live and die like beasts find for the first time in our teaching a path in which they can cast away the fetters that bind them. The Buddhist bonzes [monks] simply treat them like cattle. For a long time they have lived in resignation to such a fate.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker)
Page Number: 44
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 4 Quotes

This was the splendid martyrdom I had often seen in my dreams. But the martyrdom of the Japanese Christians I now describe to you was no such glorious thing. What a miserable painful business it was! The rain falls unceasingly on the sea. And the sea which willed them surges on uncannily—in silence.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker), Ichizo, Mokichi
Related Symbols: The Sea
Page Number: 62
Explanation and Analysis:

I called out to the young man at the oars, asking him for water; but he made no answer. I began to understand that ever since that martyrdom, the people of Tomogi regarded me as a foreigner who had brought disaster to them all—a terrible burden to them.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker)
Page Number: 65
Explanation and Analysis:

No! No! I shook my head. If God does not exist, how can man endure the monotony of the sea and its cruel lack of emotion? […] From the deepest core of my being yet another voice made itself heard in a whisper. Supposing God does not exist…

This was a frightening fancy. If he does not exist, how absurd the whole thing becomes.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker)
Related Symbols: The Sea
Page Number: 72
Explanation and Analysis:

This story was well known. Its moral was that a priest does not exist to become a martyr; he must preserve his life in order that the flame of faith may not utterly die when the church is persecuted.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker), Kichijiro
Page Number: 77
Explanation and Analysis:

If it is not blasphemous to say so, I have the feeling that Judas was no more than an unfortunate puppet for the glory of the drama which was the life and death of Christ.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker), Kichijiro
Page Number: 80
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 5 Quotes

All those Christians and missionaries who had been tortured and punished—had they heard the gentle voice of persuasion prior to their suffering?

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues
Page Number: 89
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 6 Quotes

“Father, we are not disputing about the right and wrong of your doctrine. In Spain and Portugal and such countries it may be true. The reason that we have outlawed Christianity in Japan is that, after deep and earnest consideration, we find its teachings of no value for the Japan of today.”

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues
Page Number: 116
Explanation and Analysis:

Stupefied, [Rodrigues] gazed at the old man [Inoue] who, naïve as a child, returned his gaze still rubbing his hands. How could he have recognized one who so utterly betrayed all his expectations? The man whom Valignano had called a devil, who had made the missionaries apostatize one by one—until now he had envisaged the face of this man as pale and crafty. But here before his very eyes sat this understanding, seemingly good, meek man.

Related Characters: Inoue, Valignano , Sebastien Rodrigues
Page Number: 118
Explanation and Analysis:

On the day of my death, too, will the world go relentlessly on its way, indifferent just as now? After I am murdered, will the cicadas sing and the flies whirl their wings inducing sleep? Do I want to be as heroic as that? And yet, am I looking for the true hidden martyrdom or just for a glorious death? Is that I want to be honored, to be prayed to, to be called a saint?

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues, The One-Eyed Man
Page Number: 128
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 7 Quotes

“You look upon missionary work as the forcing of love upon someone?”

“Yes, that’s what it is—from our standpoint.”

Related Characters: Inoue (speaker), Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker)
Page Number: 131
Explanation and Analysis:

He had come to this country to lay down his life for other men, but instead of that, the Japanese were laying down their lives one by one for him.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues, Francisco Garrpe
Page Number: 142
Explanation and Analysis:

Yes, crouching on the ashen earth of Gethsemane that had imbibed all the heat of the day, alone and separated from his sleeping disciples, a man had said: “My soul is sorrowful even unto death.” And his sweat became like drops of blood. This was the face that was no before [Rodrigues’s] eyes. Hundreds and hundreds of times it had appeared in his dreams; but why was that only now did the suffering, perspiring face seem so far away? Yet tonight he focused all his attention on the emaciated expression on those cheeks.”

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues, Francisco Garrpe
Related Symbols: Christ’s Face
Page Number: 147
Explanation and Analysis:

“[Ferreira’s] translating books of astronomy and medicine; he’s helping the sick; he’s working for other people. Think of this too: as the old bonze [monk] keeps reminding Chuan, the path of mercy means simply that you abandon self. Nobody should worry about getting others into his religious sect.”

Related Characters: Christovao Ferreira / Sawano Chuan, Sebastien Rodrigues
Page Number: 156
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 8 Quotes

This guard did not possess any aristocratic cruelty; rather was it the cruelty of a low-class fellow toward beasts and animals weaker than himself. [Rodrigues] had seen such fellows in the countryside in Portugal, and he knew them well. This fellow had not the slightest idea of the suffering that would be inflicted on others because of his conduct. It was this kind of fellow who had killed that man whose face was the best and most beautiful than ever one could dream of.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues
Related Symbols: Christ’s Face
Page Number: 176
Explanation and Analysis:

“You make yourself more important than them. You are preoccupied with your own salvation. If you say that you will apostatize, those people will be taken out of the pit. This will be saved from suffering. And you refuse to do so. It’s because you dread to betray the Church. You dread to be the dregs of the Church, like me.”

Related Characters: Christovao Ferreira / Sawano Chuan (speaker), Sebastien Rodrigues
Page Number: 181
Explanation and Analysis:

[Rodrigues] will now trample what he has considered the most beautiful thing in his life, on what he has believed most pure, on what is filled with the ideals and the dreams of man. How his foot aches! And then the Christ in bronze speaks to the priest: “Trample! Trample! I more than anyone know of the pain in your foot. Trample! It was to be trampled on by men that I was born into this world. It was to share men’s pain that I carried my cross.”

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues
Page Number: 183
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 9 Quotes

Yet the face was different from that on which the priest had gazed so often in Portugal, in Rome, in Goa and in Macao. It was not a Christ whose face was filled with majesty and glory; neither was it a face made beautiful by endurance of pain; nor was it a face filled with the strength of a will that has repelled temptation. The face of the man who lay at his feet was sunken and utterly exhausted.

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues
Related Symbols: Christ’s Face
Page Number: 187
Explanation and Analysis:

Chapter 10 Quotes

“Lord, I resented your silence.”

“I was not silent. I suffered beside you.”

“But you told Judas to go away: What thou dost do quickly. What happened to Judas?”

“I did not say that. Just as I told you to step on the plaque, so I told Judas to do what he was going to do. For Judas was in anguish as you are now.”

Related Characters: Sebastien Rodrigues (speaker)
Page Number: 203
Explanation and Analysis:
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Sebastien Rodrigues Character Timeline in Silence

The timeline below shows where the character Sebastien Rodrigues appears in Silence. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Prologue
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The three young priests are Sebastian Rodrigues, Juan de Santa Marta, and Francisco Garrpe, men in their late 20s who had entered... (full context)
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...a Christian and hung him in the pit. The story is picked up in Sebastien Rodrigues’s letters, starting around the time they meet Valignano. (full context)
Chapter 1
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The narrative shifts to be told in the form of letters written by Sebastian Rodrigues. Juan de Santa Marta has fallen ill with malaria, though Rodrigues and Garrpe remain in... (full context)
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...his knees “in the most ugly way you could imagine.” Kichijiro contrasts with every description Rodrigues and Garrpe have heard of the Japanese thus far as stalwart and noble people. Rodrigues,... (full context)
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As Rodrigues waits for preparations to be finished—which takes several weeks—he reflects on Jesus Christ’s face. The... (full context)
Chapter 2
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...hidden, the ship makes its way into a cove between two mountains. At midnight, Kichijiro, Rodrigues, and Garrpe wade ashore. The priests hide while Kichijiro leaves to survey the area, though... (full context)
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...they can without a priest, electing ministers and prayer leaders from amongst themselves. Mokichi ask Rodrigues if that is permissible. Rodrigues assures them that, under the circumstances, they have done right. (full context)
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Rodrigues is thrilled with the Japanese Christians’ struggle to keep their faith alive, and wants to... (full context)
Chapter 3
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...priests’ nerves are stretched to their limit by the fearful hiding each day. Even so, Rodrigues feels that his vocation as a priest has never seemed so critically important. Tomogi itself... (full context)
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...they pray before, designed to be quickly concealed in case government officials descend upon them. Rodrigues wants to send someone to Nagasaki to ask of Father Ferreira, but Garrpe insists it... (full context)
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One afternoon, in a break from the rain, Rodrigues and Garrpe venture out of the hut to ease their nerves and shake the lice... (full context)
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Five days later, in the middle of the night, Rodrigues hears someone pushing at their door and whispering “padre.” The priest is stricken with fear,... (full context)
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The villagers tell the priests that Kichijiro told them priests had returned to Japan. Rodrigues and Garrpe learn that Kichijiro is in fact a Christian, though he apostatized by stepping... (full context)
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Rodrigues uses a broken farmhouse in Gotō as a chapel, and the villagers cram themselves into... (full context)
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Rodrigues teaches the Christians to maintain their faith like those in Tomogi did, and the peasants... (full context)
Chapter 4
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...villagers, the Christians manage to conceal any evidence of their faith and are left alone. Rodrigues is entirely satisfied with life. Even Kichijiro, who accompanied him back to Tomogi, gets along.... (full context)
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...the government specifically for Christians to apostatize with). In a rush of pity and passion, Rodrigues shouts that they must apostatize and save themselves, but Garrpe looks at him “reproachfully” and... (full context)
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Rodrigues is haunted by Kichijiro’s question. On the one hand, he feels that God must have... (full context)
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...the dying men eventually grow silent except for a faint moaning, almost like an animal. Rodrigues observes that the dying men cannot be discerned from the stakes they are tied to,... (full context)
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The priests hear rumor that the Japanese officials intend to search the mountains next, and Rodrigues and Garrpe decide they must separate and flee so that at least one priest will... (full context)
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Rodrigues wades ashore, and the rowers hastily leave. Alone, the priest wanders up the path into... (full context)
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In the morning, Rodrigues finds a few grains of dry rice and a few cucumbers that he wraps in... (full context)
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Stopping at a puddle of rainwater, Rodrigues peers at his own haggard reflection. Seeing his face in the water, it makes him... (full context)
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Rain suddenly falls very heavily, driving Rodrigues into a copse of trees, where he finds a small wooden hut, perhaps used by... (full context)
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Traveling onward, Rodrigues comes upon an overlook from where he can see the placid sea and several fishing... (full context)
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...desperate for a priest, that this community is the parish God prepared especially for him, Rodrigues descends the hillside. However, a voice from the brush freezes the priest in his tracks.... (full context)
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Conflicted, Rodrigues does not want to abandon this village before him. He suspects Kichijiro of being a... (full context)
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Night falls, and Kichijiro keeps up their little fire. Rodrigues eventually falls asleep. Although he expects Kichijiro to betray him, each time he awakes in... (full context)
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As they travel the next day, Rodrigues’s thirst becomes desperate, and he begs Kichijiro to find a river so he may drink.... (full context)
Chapter 5
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The narrative changes from Rodrigues’s first-person letters to a third-person narrator. Rodrigues (now referred to almost exclusively as “the priest”)... (full context)
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As the other prisoners leave, Rodrigues prays that God will not add to their suffering. The samurai tells him that peasants... (full context)
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The interpreter tells Rodrigues that he will meet Inoue before long, and lists all the priests who apostatized after... (full context)
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Later in the day, a guard fetches Rodrigues from the hut to bring him down to the village wharf. As they walk, the... (full context)
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As the boat moves through the sea, Rodrigues again wonders at how differently his capture has been from what he envisioned the capture... (full context)
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As Rodrigues is carried down the road, he sees a hobbling man leaning on a stick and... (full context)
Chapter 6
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Rodrigues is carried onward towards Nagasaki until their entire procession stops to rest, and the samurais... (full context)
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Nine days later, the captors move Rodrigues into a different cell near the guardhouse, and through the wall he can hear the... (full context)
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One day, the prison guard delivers a set of red cotton robes for Rodrigues to wear, the same clothing that the Buddhist monks wear. The priest initially refuses even... (full context)
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...not refuting the doctrine of Christianity, only arguing that it has no value for Japan. Rodrigues posits that if something is true, it is universally true, but his examiners disagree, saying... (full context)
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Rodrigues asks why they are having this conversation, since certainly he will be punished regardless of... (full context)
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...middle of the courtyard. One of the prisoners dies from exhaustion, and the guards allow Rodrigues to pray over him and give him a Christian burial. The priest finds it strange... (full context)
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“The day of the fumie arrive[s].” All of the prisoners except for Rodrigues—who watches through the barred window of his cell—stand in a line in the courtyard, a... (full context)
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...yard, and Kichijiro promptly steps on the fumie and is told to leave the camp. Rodrigues is struck by it all, but especially by the ease and silence of death. A... (full context)
Chapter 7
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Five days later, Rodrigues meets Inoue once again. The magistrate explains to the priest that though he does not... (full context)
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During the night, Rodrigues considers the parallels between Christ and himself: both had been chased and arrested, both had... (full context)
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...for forced labor. They do not return in the evening. The following morning, guards take Rodrigues out of his cell at “the wish of the magistrate” and bring him to an... (full context)
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...their arms and legs are entrapped and only their head exposed atop the roll. As Rodrigues watches the scene, the interpreter explains that all three prisoners have already apostatized the day... (full context)
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...into a waiting boat and drag the prisoners with them, rowing out to the deep. Rodrigues begs God to intervene. Garrpe, shouting, “Lord, hear our prayer,” plunges himself into the sea... (full context)
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Days pass, and Rodrigues passes them by staring at the wall of his prison cell, mumbling to himself as... (full context)
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One day, the interpreter enters Rodrigues’s cell and tells him that he will go to meet someone today, someone whom the... (full context)
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The palanquin arrives at its destination and a guard leads Rodrigues up a flight of stairs into a large building flanked by corridors. When the priest... (full context)
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Rodrigues begs Ferreira to speak. Slowly and painfully, they make conversation. Ferreira reveals that he has... (full context)
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...a book of his own, a refutation of Christianity in Japan. Ferreira looks ashamed, and Rodrigues can see that he’d hoped it would not be mentioned. A tear forms in Ferreira’s... (full context)
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...to proceed to the point of the meeting, and Ferreira’s stature seems to shrink before Rodrigues. Ferreira announces that his task is to convince Rodrigues to apostatize. The former priest shows... (full context)
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The interpreter encourages Rodrigues to think over his decision; after all, even the work that Sawano Chuan now does... (full context)
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...grow in Japan, referring to Japan as “a swamp” that rots “the sapling of Christianity.” Rodrigues counters that Christianity grew at one time, but Ferreira insists that it was not truly... (full context)
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This notion horrifies Rodrigues, not the least because if Ferreira is right, then all the martyrs died for nothing.... (full context)
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The conversation ends and the palanquin-carriers bear Rodrigues back to his prison cell. On the journey, Rodrigues notes that he could escape at... (full context)
Chapter 8
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The next day, the interpreter sternly tries one last time to reason with Rodrigues, but the priest tells him he’d rather be tortured than apostatize. The priest is not... (full context)
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Rodrigues thinks of Christ riding a donkey through Jerusalem and decides that he will wear a... (full context)
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The interpreter walks beside Rodrigues’s horse and leads him to Inoue’s house, telling him that Inoue has determined that the... (full context)
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Rodrigues is locked in a small cell at the magistrate’s house without windows or light. The... (full context)
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Somewhere, on the other side of the prison walls, Rodrigues can hear what seems to be snoring; and it strikes him as ironic that one... (full context)
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The snoring sound continues, growing so present in Rodrigues’s mind that he sits on the floor and begins to laugh at the strange quality... (full context)
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Ferreira enters the cell alone and speaks with Rodrigues. It was Ferreira who carved the letters on the wall during his own imprisonment. Rodrigues... (full context)
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Ferreira argues that by making others suffer on his behalf, Rodrigues regards himself as “more important than them.” He is concerned with saving himself rather than... (full context)
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Ferreira leads Rodrigues slowly, painfully out of the cell and to the interpreter, who is waiting for them... (full context)
Chapter 9
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It is summer, and Rodrigues lives in Nagasaki under house arrest, forbidden to leave except when the magistrate gives permission.... (full context)
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In spite of his shame, Rodrigues is treated well. Almost daily he is given work to do, most often examining foreign... (full context)
Chapter 10
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...in Nagasaki, 1644: Amidst shipping notes, the clerk reports that both Sawano Chuan (Ferreira) and Rodrigues have given testimony that certain smuggled artifacts are Christian, resulting in the torture and deaths... (full context)
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The narration returns to third person. Rodrigues is called to meet Inoue at his home, the first time he has seen the... (full context)
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Noting his defeated posture, Inoue reminds Rodrigues that he was not “defeated” by the magistrate himself, only by the “swamp of Japan”... (full context)
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Rodrigues leaves and returns to his own house in Nagasaki, reflecting cynically that everything he had... (full context)
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Kichijiro arrives at Rodrigues’s door, whispering that he wants the priest to hear his confession and offer him absolution.... (full context)
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Rodrigues decides to hear Kichijiro’s confession, since there are no other priests left in the country.... (full context)