LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Schindler’s List, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Virtue and Selflessness
Anti-Semitism and Dehumanization
Power
Duty
Bureaucracy
Summary
Analysis
Raimund Titsch is an Austrian Catholic and a WWI veteran who manages Madritsch’s uniform factory. He also played chess regularly with Goeth. One time when Titsch wins, Goeth gets so furious that he looks like he’s going to go out and shoot someone. From then on, Titsch decides to lose intentionally, doing so in long, drawn-out games. Like Babar, Titsch has also been collecting photographs of the camp. Through his involvement in the black market, Titsch will end up supplying the Madritsch people with 30,000 loaves of bread. Because after the war he is viewed as a traitor by former SS men (who secretly organize in a group called ODESSA), he hides his film by burying it, where it remains hidden until 1963. After Titsch’s death, the pictures are finally developed.
Titsch learns yet another unconventional strategy for trying to minimize Goeth’s volatility. The case of Titsch after the war shows that, despite the surrender of the Nazis, their influence would not simply disappear from the world overnight. Tisch continues to face risks even after victory—or perhaps he is traumatized and just imagines the risk. In either case, the events of WWII continue to reverberate in the coming decades.
Active
Themes
The few camp survivors never have anything negative to say about Titsch, but he also never spurred the same sort of reverence that Schindler eventually would. One such story involves when General Schindler himself (unrelated to Oskar Schindler) came to visit Płaszów to see whether it was really necessary for the war effort.
Titsch shows that not all humane men during the Holocaust are as flashy as Schindler. The styles and motivation of resistance vary from individual to individual, in part because it would be risky to openly collaborate with other sympathizers.
Active
Themes
Before the inspection, Oskar Schindler invites General Schindler over for a big, boozy dinner. Later, while the general is investigating Madritsch’s clothing factory, the most important part of the camp to Germans, the power goes out, the circuit having been broken by allies of Stern. The general is forced to continue his inspection by flashlight. A myth grows that because Oskar’s dinner gave the general indigestion, and because the power went out during the inspection, the people of Płaszów were saved from being shipped somewhere worse, like Auschwitz.
The tricks that Schindler and his allies have to pull to stay in business border on farcical. This is perhaps because reality became so unbelievable at this time that in retrospect, it is hard to separate the truth from myth.
Active
Themes
Josef Bau, an artist from Cracow begins to fall in love with a girl named Rebecca Tannenbaum. He actually sneaks into Płaszów because he never had the correct ghetto papers. There he becomes a protégé of Stern’s and attracts attention for his possible skills as a forger.
Even in a place as bleak as Płaszów,joyful human emotions like love can find a way to break through. Pursuing romantic relationships, the way Josef and Rebecca do, is one way for the Jewish prisoners to reclaim their humanity.
Rebecca Tannenbaum, meanwhile, is an orphan who has recently begun to work in Stern’s office. She is also a manicurist who treats Goeth weekly, as well as other prominent Nazis. She is nervous because Goeth is quick to punish people for minor offenses, at one time shooting his shoeshine boy for bad work.
Tannenbaum’s situation once again highlights the hypocrisy of anti-Semitism: prominent men like Goeth who are carrying out a genocide against Jewish people nevertheless trust a Jewish woman to do their manicures.
Tannenbaum and Bau meet one day when Bau his holding up a heavy blueprint frame. She offers to help. Romance and sex remain desperate and infrequent between prisoners, although the conditions are a little better at Emalia. Bau and Rebecca begin to see each other.
By making relationships easier to manage, Schindler helps his prisoners reclaim their old lives little by little—though of course there are still limits to what he can achieve.
Other romantic attachments sometimes form in the camp. In one case, the SS officer Hujar falls in love with a Jewish prisoner. When Goeth finds out, he orders Hujar to take her in the woods and shoot her, which he does. Death is a constant factor in many relationships in the camp, particularly ones that involve the SS.
Hujar, who earlier murdered a hospital full of children, shows the complicated and often contradictory nature of Nazi policies. Many Nazis were willing to make personal exceptions for Jewish people they personally knew—at least temporarily.
In January 1944, a change at Płaszów makes all relationships more difficult. The camp is reclassified as a concentration camp, and even subcamps like Schindler’s Emalia are placed under the authority of General Oswald Pohl in Oranienburg. Schindler’s contacts in local police, like Scherner and Czurda, lose much of their power, so Schindler now must report to the officials in Oranienburg.
By this time, it is becoming increasingly clear to all sides that the Nazis aren’t winning the war. The crackdowns on the camps may be the result of higher-ups in the Nazi Party preparing for a possible loss in the war, or they may be an attempt to turn the tide by reorganizing.
Schindler travels to Berlin to meet the people who will be dealing with his files. Richard Glücks is the chief of the department that controls prison life. Glücks puts out memos full of bureaucratic jargon to cover every sort of situation in camp.
The bureaucratic language in the documents about prison life is important, because it helps obscure the truth about concentration camps.
During his meeting with a personnel officer who has the Emalia plans, Schindler puts forward his request that his work force be allowed to remain permanently. He tells the officer that he has just discussed the matter with Colonel Erich Lange, a name that seems to have some influence and whom Schindler met once at a party in Cracow. At that party, Schindler could tell that Lange too had misgivings about the camps’ brutal conditions.
Schindler is asking for something very unusual and knows that it could arouse suspicion. He once again makes use of one of his connections. Though Schindler is well-connected, he sometimes has to take risks and hope that his first impression of men like Lange was correct.
The personnel officer is impressed by Schindler’s connections and says he’s told the truth: there are no plans to dismantle Emalia, but the situation of Jews, even skilled workers, is never safe. Schindler says he understands and ends the meeting by saying, “If there is any way I can express my gratitude…”
Once again, “gratitude” is shorthand for a bribe—Schindler is essentially inviting the officer to ask for a bribe. He knows that the officer might be suspicious, so he wants to make sure that the officer can personally benefit from the transaction.
The new regulations in Płaszów lead to a much more rigid separation of the sexes, with new electric fences erected. Couples make up coded tunes to whistle so that they can meet up during the brief time they have in the morning before they are lined up. Rebecca Tannenbaum makes up her own whistle. Josef Bau gets a dress from a dead woman and uses it to sneak into the women’s barracks.
The electric fences (combined with the cattle cars used to ship prisoners) suggest that the Nazis are treating their Jewish prisoners like livestock. Despite this dehumanizing treatment, however, the prisoners make the best of an awful situation, as their unique whistles show.
One cold Sunday night in February, Bau marries Rebecca at a ceremony with no rabbi. Mrs. Bau officiates, and someone from Wulkan’s workshop makes two rings out of silver spoons. They are given a curtained-off top bunk for their wedding night, but after only 10 minutes, the barracks lights come on, and one of the most fearsome SS officers comes through. Bau fears that the officer knows he’s missing and is looking for him.
The wedding ceremony is one of the best examples of the lengths Jewish prisoners will go to in order to try to maintain some semblance of normalcy in the camps. Such gestures are often symbolic (they can’t, for example, get real wedding rings), but they help make camp life just a little bit more bearable.
The officer leaves and the lights go back out. But a few minutes later, a siren goes off. Everyone in the barracks fears the worst. Bau grabs his clothes and rushes back toward the men camp. As hurries over the electric fence, he’s surprised to find the voltage turned off. He gets back, preparing an excuse about how he had diarrhea, but in fact they were searching for three young Zionists who had just escaped.
One of the scariest aspects of life in concentration camps is that prisoners aren’t given much information about what’s happening around them. This is yet another way in which Jewish people are dehumanized, as it robs them of any sense of security or control over their own lives. Though Bau is lucky this time, he had no way of knowing if the officer was actually looking for him.