Jazz

by

Toni Morrison

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Jazz, Improvisation, and Reinvention Theme Analysis

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Jazz, Improvisation, and Reinvention Theme Icon

In the introduction to her 1992 novel Jazz, novelist Toni Morrison writes that she wanted her book to capture “the essence of the so-called Jazz Age”—what she defines as “improvisation, originality, change.” In the narrative, as married couple Joe and Violet Trace navigate life in 1920s Harlem, they are struck again and again by the prevalence of jazz music. Young people stay up late dancing to records or go out to clubs, while guitarists and flautists play their instruments right on the city streets. Some characters, like impulsive Dorcas and her friend Felice, find “dazzle and mischief” in the ever-changing music; others complain that jazz, with its brightness and force, makes people do “unwise disorderly things.” But no one in the novel can deny that live jazz is a kind of music uniquely built around surprise and improvisation, each performance invented in the moment and therefore irreplicable in the future.

This improvisational “essence” of jazz shows up in both the plot and structure of the narrative. At first, the novel’s unnamed narrator thinks she can predict exactly how Joe Trace’s torrid affair will unfold, believing he and Violet are “bound to the track […] like a needle through the groove of a Bluebird record.” By the end of the story, however, Violet and Joe have found new pleasure and strength in each other, making the narrator realize that love, like live music, is “original, complicated, changeable—human.” Similarly, the novel itself mirrors the “changeable” structure of jazz, with all the solos, repetition, and variation inherent to the jazz genre. Rather than following a single linear narrative, Jazz moves back and forth through time and across perspectives, with different narrative voices taking over chunks of the story just as different soloists might take the stage in a jazz band. And the first few pages of the novel promise a tragedy that, by the end of the story, has failed to come to fruition, a formal surprise that shows a book can be just as “original, complicated, changeable”—just as “improvisational”—as the human beings within it.

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Jazz, Improvisation, and Reinvention ThemeTracker

The ThemeTracker below shows where, and to what degree, the theme of Jazz, Improvisation, and Reinvention appears in each chapter of Jazz. Click or tap on any chapter to read its Summary & Analysis.
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Jazz, Improvisation, and Reinvention Quotes in Jazz

Below you will find the important quotes in Jazz related to the theme of Jazz, Improvisation, and Reinvention.
Chapter 1 Quotes

Sth, I know that woman. She used to live with a flock of birds on Lenox Avenue. Know her husband, too. He fell for an eighteen-year-old girl with one of those deep down, spooky loves that made him so sad and happy he shot her just to keep the feeling going. When the woman, her name is Violet, went to the funeral to see the girl and to cut her dead face they threw her to the floor and out of the church. She ran, then, through all that snow, and when she got back to her apartment she took the birds from their cages and set them out the windows to freeze or fly, including the parrot that said, “I love you.”

Related Characters: The Narrator (speaker), Violet Trace, Joe Trace, Dorcas
Related Symbols: Birds
Page Number: 3
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 2 Quotes

So why is it on Thursday that the men look satisfied? Perhaps it’s the artificial rhythm of the week—perhaps there is something so phony about the seven-day cycle the body pays no attention to it, preferring triplets, duets, quartets, anything but a cycle of seven that has to be broken into human parts and the break comes on Thursday. Irresistible. The outrageous expectations and inflexible demands of the weekend are null on Thursday. People look forward to weekends for connections, revisions and separations even though many of these activities are accompanied by bruises and even a spot of blood, for excitement runs high on Friday or Saturday.

But for satisfaction pure and deep, for balance and pleasure and comfort, Thursday can’t be beat.

Related Characters: The Narrator (speaker), Joe Trace, Dorcas
Page Number: 50
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 3 Quotes

She knew from sermons and editorials that it wasn’t real music—just colored folks’ stuff […]

Yet Alice Manfred swore she heard a complicated anger in it; something hostile that disguised itself as flourish and roaring seduction. But the part she hated most was its appetite. […] It made her hold her hand in the pocket of her apron to keep from smashing it through the glass pane to snatch the world in her fist and squeeze the life out of it for doing what it did and did and did to her and everybody else she knew […]

I don’t know how she did it—balance herself with two different hand gestures. But she was not alone in trying, and she was not alone in losing. It was impossible to keep the Fifth Avenue drums separate from the belt-buckle tunes vibrating from pianos and spinning on every Victrola. Impossible.

Related Characters: The Narrator (speaker), Alice Manfred
Page Number: 59
Explanation and Analysis:

The brothers turn up the wattage of their smiles. The right record is on the turntable now; [Dorcas] can hear its preparatory hiss as the needle slides through its first groove. The brothers smiles brilliantly; one leans a fraction of an inch toward the other and, never losing eye contact with Dorcas, whispers something. […] Then, just as the music, slow and smoky, loads up the air, his smile bright as ever, he wrinkles his nose and turns away.

Dorcas has been acknowledged, appraised and dismissed in the time it takes for a needle to find its opening groove. The stomach jump of possible love is nothing compared to the ice flows that block upper veins now. The body she inhabits is unworthy. […]

So by the time Joe Trace whispered to her through the crack of a closing door her life had become almost unbearable.

Related Characters: The Narrator (speaker), Joe Trace, Dorcas
Related Symbols: Records
Page Number: 67
Explanation and Analysis:

Everyone needs a pile of newspapers: to peel potatoes on, serve bathroom needs, wrap garbage. But not like Alice Manfred. She must have read them over and over else why would she keep them? And if she read anything in the newspaper twice she knew too little about too much. If you have secrets you want kept or want to figure out those other people have, a newspaper can turn your mind. The best thing to find out what’s going on is to watch how people maneuver themselves in the streets […]

But Alice Manfred wasn’t the kind to give herself reasons to be in the streets. […] If she had come out more often, sat on the stoop or gossiped in front of the beauty shop, she would have known more than what the paper said she might have known what was happening under her nose.

Related Characters: The Narrator (speaker), Joe Trace, Alice Manfred, Dorcas
Page Number: 72
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 5 Quotes

Blues man. Blackandblues man. Blackthereforeblue man.

Everybody knows your name. Where-did-she-go-and-why man. So-lonesome-I-could-die-man.

Everybody knows your name.

Related Characters: The Narrator (speaker), Alice Manfred
Page Number: 119
Explanation and Analysis:

I tracked my mother in Virginia and it led me right to her, and I tracked Dorcas from borough to borough. I didn't even have to work at it. Didn't even have to think. Something else takes over when the track begins to talk to you, give out its signs so strong you hardly have to look […] If the trail speaks, no matter what’s in the way, you can find yourself in a crowded room aiming a bullet at her heart, never mind it’s the heart you can't live without […]

I wasn't looking for the trail. It was looking for me and when it started talking at first I couldn’t hear it. I was rambling, just rambling all through the city. I had the gun but it was not the gun—it was my hand I wanted to touch you with.

Related Characters: Joe Trace (speaker), The Narrator, Dorcas, The Woman/Wild, Henry Lestory/Hunter’s Hunter, Victory Williams
Related Symbols: Records
Page Number: 130
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 7 Quotes

Had she run away, escaped? Or had she been overtaken by smoke, fire, panic, helplessness? […] Immediately Joe fell to his hands and knees, whispering: “Is it you? Just say it. Say anything.” Someone near him was breathing. Turning around he examined the place he had just exited. Every movement and leaf shift seemed to be her. “Give me a sign, then you don’t have to say nothing. Let me see your hand. Just stick it out someplace and I’ll go; I promise. A sign.” He begged, pleaded for her hand until the light grew even smaller. “You my mother?” Yes. No. Both. Either. But not this nothing.

Related Characters: The Narrator (speaker), Violet Trace, Joe Trace, Dorcas, The Woman/Wild
Page Number: 178
Explanation and Analysis:

Although it was a private place, with an opening closed to the public, once inside you could do what you pleased: disrupt things, rummage, touch and move. Change it all to a way it was never meant to be. The color of the stone walls had changed from gold to fishkill blue by the time he left. [Joe] had seen what there was. A green dress. A rocking chair without an arm. A circle of stones for cooking. […] Also. Also, a pair of man’s trousers with buttons of bone. Carefully folded, a silk shirt, faded pale and creamy—except at the seams. There, both thread and fabric were fresh and sunny yellow.

But where is she?

Related Characters: Joe Trace (speaker), The Narrator (speaker), The Woman/Wild
Related Symbols: The Green Dress
Page Number: 184
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 8 Quotes

They agree on everything above the waist and below: muscle, tendon, bone joint and marrow cooperate. And if the dancers hesitate, have a moment of doubt, the music will solve and dissolve any question.

Dorcas is happy. Happier than she has ever been any time. No white strands grow in her partner’s mustache. He is up and coming. Hawk-eyed, tireless and a little cruel. He has never given her a present or even thought about it. Sometimes he is where he says he will be; sometimes not. Other women want him—badly—and he has been selective. What they want and the prize it is his to give is his savvy self. What could a pair of silk stockings be compared to him? No contest. Dorcas is lucky. Knows it. And is as happy as she has ever been any time.

Related Characters: The Narrator (speaker), Joe Trace, Dorcas, Acton
Related Symbols: Records
Page Number: 188
Explanation and Analysis:

I want to sleep, but it is clear now. So clear the dark bowl the pile of oranges. Just oranges. Bright. Listen. I don’t know who is that woman singing but I know the words by heart.

Related Characters: Dorcas (speaker), Joe Trace, Acton
Related Symbols: Records
Page Number: 193
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 9 Quotes

Somebody in the house across the alley put a record on and the music floated into us through the open window. Mr. Trace moved his head to the rhythm and his wife snapped her fingers in time. She did a little step in front of him and he smiled. By and by they were dancing. Funny, like old people do, and I laughed for real. Not because of how funny they looked. Something in it made me feel I shouldn’t be there. Shouldn't be looking at them doing that.

[…] When they finished and I asked for my sweater, Mrs. Trace said, ‘Come back anytime. I want to do your hair for you anyway. Free. Your ends need clipping.’

Mr. Trace sat down and stretched. ‘This place needs birds.’

Related Characters: Violet Trace (speaker), Joe Trace (speaker), Felice (speaker), The Narrator, Dorcas
Related Symbols: Birds, Records
Page Number: 214
Explanation and Analysis:
Chapter 10 Quotes

So I missed it altogether. I was sure one would kill the other. I waited for it so I could describe it. I was so sure it would happen. That the past was an abused record with no choice but to repeat itself at the crack and no power on earth could lift the arm that held the needle. I was so sure, and they danced and walked all over me. Busy, they were, busy being original, complicated, changeable—human, I guess you’d say, while I was the predictable one, confused in my solitude into arrogance, thinking my space, my view, was the only one that was or that mattered. I got so aroused while meddling, well finger-shaping, I overreached and missed the obvious.

Related Characters: The Narrator (speaker), Violet Trace, Joe Trace, Felice, Golden Gray
Related Symbols: Records
Page Number: 220
Explanation and Analysis:

But I can’t say that aloud; I can’t tell anyone that I have been waiting for this all my life and that being chosen to wait is the reason I can. If I were able I’d say it. Say make me, remake me. You are free to do it and I am free to let you because look, look. Look where your hands are. Now.

Related Characters: The Narrator (speaker), Violet Trace, Joe Trace
Page Number: 229
Explanation and Analysis: