Wealth and Social Class Theme Analysis

In Daniel Deronda, George Eliot examines how wealth and social class shape opportunities, relationships, and personal identity. The novel contrasts characters who are privileged by birth with those who struggle for security, showing how financial status dictates one’s freedom and sense of self. Gwendolen begins the novel as a young woman who expects to marry well, assuming her beauty and charm will secure a wealthy husband. However, when her family loses their fortune, she faces the harsh reality of her limited options. Marrying Grandcourt is her solution, but his wealth comes at the cost of her independence. She finds herself trapped in a loveless, oppressive marriage, proving that financial security does not guarantee happiness. In contrast, Grandcourt represents the cruelty of inherited wealth. His privilege allows him to exert power over others, treating Gwendolen as property and ignoring the suffering of his former mistress, Lydia Glasher, and their children. His character highlights the moral emptiness that can come with aristocratic entitlement, showing that wealth without compassion leads to cruelty. Meanwhile, Daniel grows up believing himself to be a privileged English gentleman, raised in comfort by Sir Hugo. However, when he discovers his Jewish heritage, he must reevaluate his relationship with class and privilege. Unlike Grandcourt, he rejects a life of inherited wealth, instead choosing to commit himself to a purpose beyond aristocratic society.

Mirah’s life provides a stark contrast to these wealthy characters. Unlike Gwendolen, who initially values status, Mirah seeks only a modest and dignified existence. Having fled an exploitative father who attempted to push her into a life as a performer, she values personal safety and emotional security above material gain. When Daniel rescues her, she refuses to be dependent on his charity, demonstrating her self-respect and strong work ethic. Her singing eventually leads to her financial independence, showing that dignity does not come from wealth but from self-sufficiency and integrity. While she ultimately finds increased stability through marrying Daniel, her character emphasizes that a fulfilling life does not require great wealth—only the ability to live with security and self-respect. Ultimately, by depicting characters from different social backgrounds, Eliot critiques the rigid class structures of her time. The novel suggests that true worth is not measured by wealth but by how individuals use their status, whether to control others, seek personal fulfillment, or create meaningful change.