LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in Brooklyn, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work.
Time and Adaptability
Immigration, Social Status, and Reputation
Communication, Hidden Emotion, and Secrecy
Coming of Age and Passivity
Summary
Analysis
Eilis’s room in Brooklyn is in a house owned by an Irish woman named Mrs. Kehoe, who is from a town not far from Enniscorthy. The room is small and hot, and there are five other boarders at the house, all of them women. Each night, Mrs. Kehoe cooks dinner for the tenants, though she doesn’t do this on Sunday, since she goes to mass and then plays poker in the evenings. On the other evenings, though, everyone eats together, and Mrs. Kehoe discourages the women from talking about their boyfriends, instead wanting to talk about fashion and clothing.
Tóibín presents Mrs. Kehoe as a principled woman with rather modest views, considering the fact that she doesn’t let her tenants discuss men at the dinner table. She also goes to church every week and likes talking about fashion, suggesting that she cares about how people view her. In this sense, then, she is similar to people like Eilis’s mother, sister, and former employer, Miss Kelly.
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Eilis’s room is near Miss McAdam’s. Miss McAdam is older, works as a secretary, is uninterested in fashion, and is from Belfast. Another girl, Patty, lives on the floor above Eilis. She was born in upstate New York and, like Eilis, works in a department store in Brooklyn. There is also Diana, who lives in the basement and is Irish but speaks with an American accent. Both Diana and Patty are obsessed with boys and complain about Mrs. Kehoe’s cooking. On the weekends, they often go out—a fact that annoys people like Miss McAdam and Sheila Heffernan, a slightly older woman from Ireland who lives on the top floor with Patty. Like Miss McAdam, Sheila is a secretary, and they both find many reasons to become annoyed with Diana and Patty. The final resident is Miss Keegan from Galway, who doesn’t talk much.
Even though Eilis has migrated to a foreign country, she is surrounded by fellow Irish people. This, of course, is because she allowed Father Flood to arrange the details of her move, so he made sure to put her in a house in his Brooklyn parish, which is full of Irish expatriates. As a result, she’s thrown into an entirely new context but is able to maintain a slight sense of familiarity.
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On her first two weekends in Brooklyn, Patty and Diana invite Eilis to go out with them, but she refuses because she hasn’t been paid yet. Instead, she goes on walks with Miss McAdam, regretting that she can’t simply walk alone, since Miss McAdam complains about the other residents and speaks disparagingly about any Italian or Jewish people who pass them on the street.
Now that Eilis is trying to build her life in a new country, she struggles to align herself with the kind of people she wants to be around. Unable to accompany Diana and Patty on their outings because of her financial limitations, she’s forced to spend time with Miss McAdam, whose judgmental attitude recalls Miss Kelly’s unappealing sensibilities.
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By her third week, Eilis has written several letters home but hasn’t yet received anything from Rose or her mother. One morning, she gets up early for work, wanting to avoid the other women in the kitchen, since she’s already tired of Diana and Patty giving her advice about living in America. As she walks to work, she thinks about how each day feels like an entire lifetime, knowing that she’ll have so much to think about when she comes home and lies in her bed to review the events of her day. On her first day at Bartocci’s, Father Flood went with her to the main office and introduced her to Miss Bartocci, the owner’s daughter, and Miss Fortini, the store’s supervisor. Miss Bartocci explained that Brooklyn is constantly attracting new people and that the store’s goal is to welcome all kinds of customers, treating everyone the same.
Unlike Enniscorthy, Brooklyn is an incredibly diverse place. Some people, like Miss McAdam, find this unsettling, but Miss Bartocci urges Eilis to embrace the multicultural nature of her new surroundings. This is just one example of the many adjustments Eilis must make as she eases into life in the United States, attempting to make sense of the glaring differences between her sheltered life in Ireland and her new existence as a young woman living in an American city.
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On her first day at Bartocci’s, Father Flood tells Eilis that many of the people working in the office started on the sales floor but worked their way up by attending night classes. Eilis tells him that she has studied bookkeeping, and he says he’ll see if there are any classes she could take nearby, though he tells her not to mention this to Miss Bartocci for the time being, since Eilis should seem focused solely on her new job at first. When he departs, he leaves her with Miss Fortini, who teaches her the shop’s system for keeping track of sales. Although Eilis is familiar with how to do this, she lets Miss Fortini teach her and then concentrates on the practice attempts Miss Fortini asks her to complete.
Eilis’s new job isn’t all that different from her position at Miss Kelly’s, as evidenced by the fact that she already knows how to handle money. However, the primary distinction between her professional life in Ireland and her professional life in the United States is that living in Brooklyn contains a hint of possibility. For example, when Father Flood promises to look into whether or not Eilis could take classes at a nearby school, he gives her something to latch onto, something to look forward to as she spends her time at Bartocci’s.
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Eilis finds her job at Bartocci’s easy, even though Miss Fortini is constantly watching her and all the other floor workers. As long as she looks happy and concentrated, she knows Miss Fortini won’t correct her. One morning, she comes to work and discovers that the store is having a surprise sale on nylon stockings. For the entire day, she’s swamped with customers, and she’s so tired by the time she gets home that she doesn’t even notice until after dinner that there are three letters waiting for her. Excited, she goes to her room and opens them. They’re from Rose, her mother, and Jack. None of the letters contain much information, though Rose does propose that Eilis can write to her work address if she ever wants to include something that she might not want her mother to know.
That Eilis doesn’t notice the three letters waiting for her when she first comes is worth noting, since it suggests that her life in Brooklyn has already started to take hold and distract her from thinking about home. However, it’s clear that she’s not quite fully settled into and distracted by this new existence, since she immediately drops everything as soon as she finds the letters. Furthermore, Rose’s suggestion that she write to her private address underscores how secretive their family can be with one another. To Rose’s credit, though, she at least tries to show Eilis that she can tell her whatever she wants.
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Although the letters aren’t very personal, Eilis reads them multiple times and suddenly plunges into sadness, wishing she were home with her family. As she lies on her bed, she realizes that she hasn’t thought about Ireland for the past few weeks. Now, though, Enniscorthy is all she can think about, and this makes her want to cry, though she doesn’t let herself shed a tear. Instead, she tries to figure out what, exactly, is making her suddenly so sad, and though she has no answer for this question, she remembers that the last time she felt this way was after her father died, when she watched his coffin close and understood that he was truly gone and that she’d never be able to have a conversation with him again.
Eilis hasn’t thought about Enniscorthy since she arrived in Brooklyn, but now she realizes how much she misses home. This is an important dynamic to grasp, since it demonstrates how helpful it is for people to not dwell on things that make them sad. To that end, Eilis’s daily existence in Brooklyn has kept her from thinking nostalgically about home, but as soon as she takes the time to truly consider how she feels, she falls into despair. That she thinks of her father’s death in this moment indicates that she equates her departure from Enniscorthy with a sense of loss.
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That night, Eilis has trouble sleeping, thinking all the while that she feels like “nobody” in America. Nothing, she thinks, means anything to her in this country. When she wakes up the next morning, she isn’t sure she actually got any sleep, but she gets up early to avoid the other boarders and goes to eat breakfast at a diner on her way to work. Feeling terrible, she sits at the counter until the waiter asks if she’s all right, pointing out that she looks sad. In response, she gets up and runs out of the diner, sensing that she’s about to start crying.
One of Eilis’s main problems in this period is that she doesn’t have anyone to turn to as she grapples with homesickness. Even if she did, though, it’s likely that she would hide her emotions, since this is what she’s so accustomed to doing. Unsurprisingly, then, she literally runs away when someone asks her if she’s all right, dreading the idea of exposing her sadness.
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While working on the sales floor, Eilis struggles to look happy, and she can sense Miss Fortini’s gaze. Nonetheless, she manages to hypnotically go through the motions of the day, eventually making it home without Miss Fortini taking her off the sales floor. At dinner that night she remains quiet and sneaks away at the soonest possible moment, at which point she goes upstairs and stays in her room, spending one of the worst nights of her life in torment as she thinks about how much she hates her room and Mrs. Kehoe’s house. Just before morning, though, she remembers what Jack said to her in England about how miserable he was when he first left home. She wishes she could write to him to ask him to elaborate on this, but she decides that he’s too far away to help her.
Although Eilis was more or less content when she initially arrived in Brooklyn, she now lets her homesickness spawn a sense of resentment deep within her, and she begins to hate her surroundings. Rather than trying to simply focus on her everyday life, she resists that life by deciding that she dislikes every aspect of it. And though she recalls that Jack went through a similar phase when he moved away from home, she can’t bring herself to reach out to him—yet another manifestation of her inability to communicate with her loved ones about her emotions.
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Not only is Jack too far away to help her, Eilis thinks, but everyone she loves is too removed from her current life to rescue her from her feelings. Furthermore, she decides to not say anything about her misery in her letters home, not wanting to worry her mother or Rose. As a result, she knows that her family will never really know what she’s going through, and this causes her to wonder if they perhaps never knew her in the first place, since if they did, they would have understood that coming to America would be too much for her.
Again, Eilis cuts herself off from any kind of support, emotionally estranging herself from her loved ones because she doesn’t want to worry them. Worse, in the same way that her homesickness has caused her to hate her surroundings, it now causes her to resent Rose and her mother for thinking that it would be a good idea for her to come to America in the first place. Because she herself was so passive when it came to planning her migration to Brooklyn, she is ultimately able to blame her unhappiness on her family members instead of taking responsibility for her own life.
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After a tumultuous night, Eilis is almost late for work. When she arrives, Miss Fortini approaches her on the sales floor and says that she looks unwell. She then tells Eilis to meet her downstairs. Eilis worries that she’s about to get fired, but once they’re both downstairs, Miss Fortini simply asks her to tell her what’s wrong, and when Eilis is unable to do so, Miss Fortini guesses that she’s sad and misses her family. Slowly gathering that Eilis has never left Ireland before and that she has no family in America, she says that she’s going to talk to Miss Bartocci and Father Flood, and when Eilis asks her not to do this, she says that they won’t create any problems, though she points out that Eilis can’t work at Bartocci’s if she’s sad. At the same time, though, she adds that her sadness is understandable.
Eilis is normally a master at hiding her emotions, but in this context, she’s unable to mask her unhappiness. This is a problem because Bartocci’s requires its salespeople to be cheery and presentable. Fortunately for her, though, Miss Fortini takes pity on her and reaches out to Father Flood on her behalf. If she didn’t do this, it seems, Eilis might never have asked anyone for help. In this way, then, Miss Fortini comes to Eilis’s rescue, though Eilis doesn’t recognize this in the moment.
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Miss Fortini goes to speak with Miss Bartocci. When she returns, she tells Eilis that Miss Bartocci called Mr. Bartocci, who said that Eilis should be given a sandwich while he calls Father Flood. Miss Fortini says that Eilis is lucky, adding that Mr. Bartocci is often nice “the first time” but that she “wouldn’t cross him twice.” When Eilis argues that she didn’t cross him, Miss Fortini says that she truly did, ensuring her that Mr. Bartocci will never forget that she came to work unready to face the sales floor.
Although Miss Fortini helps Eilis by reaching out to Father Flood and Mr. Bartocci on her behalf, she makes it clear that this episode will count against her in her boss’s eyes. In turn, readers see that Eilis’s unwillingness to write home about her sadness has only caused her trouble, since she was ultimately unable to bottle up her emotions and has unwittingly brought them into her professional life.
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When Father Flood arrives, he says that Eilis’s sadness is his fault because he hasn’t been checking on her. This, he says, is because everyone said she was doing so well. He even reveals that Mrs. Kehoe said she’s the nicest resident she’s ever hosted. He then asks Eilis if she knows what’s wrong with her, and when Eilis shows confusion, he tells her that there’s a term for what she’s feeling: homesickness. Going on, he explains that everyone experiences this feeling and that it always passes, though some cases take longer to subside than others. In general, he says, it’s best to keep busy and have someone to talk to. To that end, he says he’d like to enroll her in night classes, saying that he thinks he’ll be able to convince a professor to let her join a bookkeeping class even though the semester has already started.
In the same way that Eilis had to simply endure seasickness in order to get better, she now has to wait out her homesickness. The only thing that will help her, Father Flood suggests, is focusing on her everyday life. This is because distracting herself from her own sadness will ultimately help her adapt to her new environment. Once she’s fully accustomed to her new life, then, she won’t miss home so desperately. By tracking this process, Tóibín shows readers that certain forms of hardship are simply unavoidable, though this doesn’t mean they’re also unbearable.
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When Eilis goes home for the day, Mrs. Kehoe greets her and invites her into her private portion of the house for tea. As she sits there waiting for the tea, Eilis admires the room and thinks about how much her mother would love the way it’s decorated. It then occurs to her once more that she won’t be able to tell her mother or Rose anything about how she’s feeling, and she understands that the only thing she can do is simply move forward with her daily life. Later that night, Father Flood visits and tells her that he enrolled her in bookkeeping classes at Brooklyn College. The courses, he says, will meet in the evenings on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday.
As Eilis looks at Mrs. Kehoe’s sitting room, she thinks about how much her mother would like the room. This is a clear sign that she hasn’t yet internalized Father Flood’s advice to focus first and foremost on her immediate surroundings and to throw herself into her current life instead of thinking about what she left behind in Ireland. Continuing to think of her mother, Eilis once again commits herself to keeping secrets from her family, though this time it is perhaps good that she doesn’t want to tell her mother about what’s happening to her, since this would only cause her to fixate even more on her sadness.
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Eilis applies herself to her studies. She particularly likes her law professor, Professor Rosenblum, who speaks wildly in class and tells long, winding stories about various cases—stories that Eilis enjoys, though she has trouble understanding how what Rosenblum says relates to what’s in the textbook. Before long, she realizes she isn’t alone in this insecurity, since another student asks her which book Rosenblum is reading from. In response, she says that she doesn’t think he’s reading from any book at all.
Eilis’s experience in Professor Rosenblum’s class is noteworthy because it gives readers a glimpse of her gradual attempt to immerse herself in her life in Brooklyn. Rather than thinking about home, she’s forced to pay attention to her night classes. That Professor Rosenblum’s lectures are hard to follow makes this task even more difficult, which in turn makes it easier for Eilis to avoid thinking about Ireland.
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As winter approaches, Eilis agrees to work at Father Flood’s church for the annual Christmas dinner, when the church invites people (many of them homeless) to feast and make merry. When the day comes, she makes her way to the church and starts helping prepare for the many visitors. Father Flood says that 200 people attended last year, most of whom were Irish. For the most part, he says, they are older men who helped build the bridges and tunnels in New York but have never managed to make it back to Ireland. Each year, he goes around during the meal and asks people if they want him to reach out to their families in Ireland for them, though he never succeeds in reconnecting them to their relatives.
Although Eilis is trying to concentrate on her life in Brooklyn instead of thinking about home, she still has plenty of opportunities to engage with Irish culture. Like Eilis, the majority of the people who come to the church for Christmas are people who migrated from Ireland to America in search of economic opportunity. That they never returned after coming to New York is significant, as it suggests that life abroad can consume people and keep them from going home.
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When people begin to arrive at the church, the two women working with Eilis ask her to organize them at a single table so there’s room for others when they come. As she goes to do this, she sees a man step into the church who looks exactly like her father. For a moment, Eilis forgets that her father is dead and is astonished, but then remembers that it can’t be him. When he turns his head so that she can see his face, she sees that he doesn’t actually look like her father, but she’s so rattled that she quickly returns to the kitchen to collect herself.
Surrounded by people from her home country, Eilis projects the image of her father onto a stranger. She has now been in Brooklyn for several months, and though she has gotten used to the daily rhythms of living abroad, she still associates the idea of Ireland with a sense of loss, which is why she momentarily thinks that this man is her dead father.
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The church becomes merry and loud as everyone enjoys themselves. Many of the guests are drunk, but Father Flood doesn’t mind because it’s Christmas. At one point, he gets up and announces that they will continue their yearly tradition of listening to a bit of music after dinner, at which point the man Eilis thought was her father stands and gestures for Eilis to come toward him. At first, she’s afraid that he wants her to sing with him, but he simply holds her hand and begins an old Irish song in a beautiful voice, intoning, “Má bhíonn tú liom, a stóirín mo chroí.” As he sings, Eilis wishes the song would never end.
Eilis’s experience at the church on Christmas shows her that she can remain connected to her culture while living abroad. Although it’s important that she immerse herself in American life in order to prevent homesickness, this doesn’t mean she can’t also congregate with her fellow expatriates and celebrate their culture. Indeed, when she stands next to this man while he sings, she feels a sense of communal longing for Ireland that soothes her.